Sharif Digital Repository

Few years the traditional medicine in our society is considered: Traditional colleges have been established, Traditional medicine has been established and numerous media programs produced by experts in traditional medicine. All this indicates is that traditional medicine seek lost credibility and gain its rightful place in our society today. One of the most important aspects of the relationship between traditional medicine with modern medicine. On the one hand trying to make traditional medicine with modern medicine can be defined as complementary medicine. In this regard, first of all defined traditional medicine as a specialty, and efforts to rebuild the achievements of traditional... 

Quantum mechanics is very succesful in the description and prediction of the microphysical world. So nowadays very few doubt its authenticity. Nevertheless, there are some conceptual issues that are still under debate, such as action at a distance. It took a while after the introduction of the EPR paradox in 1935 until John Stewart Bell derived an inequality, using local hidden variables. This inequality was in contrast with predictions of quantum mechanics. Experiments also contradicted this inequality. This implies that there is action at distance which, in turn suggests, the violation of the special relativity. In this thesis, we consider this issue and shall see that on the one hand we... 

The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes and reasons of the decline of Iran. The beginnings of decline can be traced to factors such as determinism, esotericism, fundamentalism, the absence of skilled men, as well as the lack of a stable legal system and the emigration of Iranians to foreign countries. Lack of attention and lack of thought about the causes of the decline of Iranian civilization is the main problem of Iran's backwardness. On the other hand, this is the main reason for the growth of Western civilizations. Westerners have made good use of this feature and provided the means for their civilization to flourish. The lack of the concept of decline in a culture does... 

In spite of succesfull achievements of standard quantum mechanics in describing variety of physical phenomenons, this theory has some conceptual problems in some areas. One of the important problems is the behavior of macroscopic objects and their interaction with microscopic systems, which is called “measurement problem”. Actually because the standard quantum mechanic is linear, it anticipates the occurrence of superposition of macroscopic states which is in contrast with our understanding of macroscopic objects. The standard theory answers this problem by using the wave function reduction principle.
There has been various proposals about the mechanism of wave function reduction,... 

The history of an Episteme is part of that Episteme. Without understanding the history of Episteme, one cannot get the right understanding of the Episteme. In order to understand the current coordinates of philosophy in Iran (as well as understanding the current state of philosophy in Iran), it must examine the history of its emergence and development. Part of the sources of recognition of this history is the “Erlbnis” of those who lived the event. Those who have been trying for its birth and development. Some other sources in understanding this history are the previous published works in this area. Another is the educational effort and the establishment and development of the institutions... 

Causality and locality are two of the fundamental problems in physics and physicists have different interpretations of them. In new physics theories like Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory, the main point of discussion is that whether these two theories are local and causal or not? In first chapter, we introduce the principle of causality. The second and third chapters cover causality in Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory.The last chapter is about locality  

The1935 EPR thought experiment, introduced the concept of entanglement of quantum states, and this brought up the problems of faster than light signaling and faster than light influencing.The quantum entanglement has becomeone of the most important aspects of quantum information in the last thirty years.But the standard quantum theory has not been able to solve the dilemma of quantum entanglement and has confined itselfto deny faster than light signaling, but admitting faster than light influencing.But the followers of Bohmian mechanics,which have appealed to hidden variables,see no problem with quantum entanglement.The aim of this thesis is to compare the status of the standard quantum... 

Natural sciences have philosophical and ideological fundamentals. "The attitude towards human", is one of these philosophic or metaphysical fundamentals of science so that scientists and researchers, attentive or not, take it as a basis for their scientific activities. In the other hand, "the science" also affects "The attitude towards human", and different scientific theories caused various attitudes towards human to take shape. "Renaissance" is one of the most important and sophisticated historical periods of the west`s history, and the changes in this period are among the main basics of entering the modern age. In this thesis, first of all some issues about the fundamentals of the science... 

In 1917 Einstein used Λ as a cosmological constant in his theory of general relativity, but after a while he receded for some reasons. This constant has been reconsidered again recently. But using it in general relativity has caused some problems. In this thesis, after a short review of important elements in studying cosmological constant problem, like a short introduction to general relativity and cosmology in the first chapter as well as a short review of quantum field theory and supersymmetry in the second chapter, we will study the history and introduction of the problem in the third chapter.in the third chapter , different solutions to this problem ,like supersymmetry,anthropic... 

The problem of science-religion relation is considered here, considering realism and the cognitive status of religious statements and accepting the existence of common issues between science and religion. Different approaches have been adopted to explain this relation. One of the approaches which have been proposed in recent years has been the issue of religious science, which is considered to solve incompatible issues between science and religion. The possibility of religious science is one of the important problems that have attracted the mind of some Muslim scholars and some devoted Muslims. Some motivation could be mentioned for bringing in this issue, like the removal of conflict... 

The search for an empirically proven quantum theory of gravity is one of the greatest open problems of fundamental physics. Obstacles are formal and conceptual in nature. Our goal is to find a theory that somehow unites general relativity (Einstein's classical field gravity theory) and quantum field theory. In this research work, the problem of quantum gravity and the reason for its importance are investigated, as well as the proposed solutions; and what philosophical issues do these approaches and the issue itself create. Research has been carefully selected to remain managed in terms of size and content, however, some basic formalism is introduced to enter physics and the philosophy of... 

General Relativity is a generally covariant and deterministic theory of space-time. The Hole Argument requires that there is no substantivalist interpretation of general relativistic space-time. In this thesis, I am intended to show that this conclusion is not compelling. Through this, a deeper understanding of philosophical and mathematical content of General Relativity is investigated  

Multiverse scenario has been recently addressed by physicists and they have found it useful in many areas of physics. In this dissertation, I have treated some issues about multiverse such as the kinds of multiverses, the arguments for or against multiverse, areas in which multiverse is introduced, etc. This dissertation has six chapters and an appendix. In the chapter one, some classifications of multiverse is introduced, and also some definitions of the concept of a world is presented. Then, my classification and definition of a multiverse and a world is introduced. In the chapter two, the concept of possible worlds in philosophy and its relationship with multiverse hypothesis is examined.... 

Although the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry remains unknown, continuing advances in theory and improved experimental limits have ruled out some scenarios for baryogenesis: for example, the sphaleron baryogenesis at the electroweak phase transition in the standard model. In this thesis, we give an introduction to some of the ideas and attempts to understand the origin of the matte -antimatter asymmetry of the universe. After the discussion of some basic issues of cosmology and particle theory, the scenarios of electroweak baryogenesis, GUT baryogenesis, and leptogenesis are outlined  

According to Penrose-Hameroff's theory, Consciousness as an undeniable reality can, in some cases, be explained by a kind of orchestrated objective reduction of the wave function in the cytoskeleton of the brain neurons. Here, I have presented the subject, problem, and claim of this theory, as well as its argument, which consists of three main premises. In the first premise, first by rejecting the opposing theories and then by presenting reasons, it is shown that human thinking is, in some manner, sound but non-computable, and at the same time, accepting the Non-computability of human thinking requires believing in the objects in the universe that are non-computable, but They can be... 

In this investigation has been tried to indagate the Bell’s inequality both theoretically and experimentally. This inequality published by John Bell in 1964 on the EPR argument. In the EPR argument they reasonably deduced that quantum mechanics with the wave function interpretation is incomplete (but proposing correct results), so we must looking for a deterministic and more fundamental and underlying theory than common quantum mechanics, the alternative theory shall contain Reality and Locality assumptions and also could produce current quantum mechanics results. Afterward, scientific probation started for finding a deterministic theory that including hidden variables, infact supplement... 

From 1990’s the Cosmological Constant Problem was brought back to spotlight and physicists have tried to find out its source. But the value that particle physic anticipates for cosmological constant is not harmonic with cosmological considerations. This thesis investigates the studies in this field  

The Quantum nonlocality problem, which has been tested with the Bell experiment, is one of the problems that doesn't have any explanation. Some people believed that there is a conflict between Quantum nonlocality and Special Relativity, the reason why, is Special Relativity based on Lorentz Transformations that don't allow us exceeding from speed of light. But in the nonlocality problem we understand that data transmition is instantaneous (at least is faster than speed of light). So it seems that we must look for transformations in which there is a possibility for exceeding from speed of light, the Lorentz Transformations is the special case of them. Then we can explain nonlocality with... 

Nucleosynthesis and CMB data clearly indicate that most of the matter in the universe is dark and of course, nonbaryonic. In the particle physics, many particles have been proposed to explain relic density of Dark Matter. These candidates can be classified according to whether they have decoupled from the thermal bath or were created in a nonthermal process. In the first class, thermal relics can be categorized into relativistic and nonrelativistic particles, at the moment of decoupling. The relics which were relativistic are called Hot Dark Matter, while those relics which were none relativistic constitute Cold Dark Matter. The goal of this thesis is investigation of cold dark matter... 

Quantum Mechanics, as the most famous physical theory was founded about 85 years ago; but still there are a lot of debates about its interpretation. In this work, we review some basic concepts of Quantum Mechanics in form of questions about uncertainty principle, measurement problem and complementarily. We also review Bell inequality which has great philosophical and recently technological results. Bell derived his inequality regardless of modeling the measuring apparatus; we show, by take a realistic model for measuring apparatus, Bell inequality would be deduced. Finally we review a mathematical language which was used to show the duality of wave and particle. Quantum...