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The autonomy of science as a civilian casualty of economic warfare: inadvertent censorship of science resulting from unilateral economic sanctions

Esmaeili, H ; Sharif University of Technology | 2021

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  1. Type of Document: Article
  2. DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00321-w
  3. Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media B.V , 2021
  4. Abstract:
  5. Unilateral coercive international political, diplomatic, and economic sanctions are regular events of international relations and international law within the landscape of foreign affairs. However, while they may be prescribed by international law, or national legal systems, for peace and security reasons they have also been imposed for political grounds by powerful States such as the United States. The US sanctions are now targeting science, academic and university domains. When applied in this way, these sanctions violate international law, principles of human rights, ethics, the autonomy of scientific institutions, and the norm of universalism in science. All of which protect and promote scientific freedom of expression. It is vital that international and domestic law be correctly applied to uphold proper ethical standards and scientific independence in order to protect the work and the freedom of scholarship. In this way, law is the solution, rather than the problem. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V
  6. Keywords:
  7. Human ; Human rights ; International cooperation ; Organization ; Persuasive communication ; Social control ; United States ; Coercion ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Internationality ; Organizations ; Social Control, Formal ; United States
  8. Source: Science and Engineering Ethics ; Volume 27, Issue 4 , 2021 ; 13533452 (ISSN)
  9. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34322769