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The random decisions of electric vehicle (EV) drivers, together with the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) energy transfer modes, make scheduling for an intelligent parking lot (IPL) more complex; thus, they have not been considered simultaneously during IPL planning in other studies. To fill this gap, this paper presents a complete optimal schedule for an IPL in which all the above-mentioned items are considered simultaneously. Additionally, using a complete objective function—including charging/discharging rates and prices, together with penalties, discounts, and reward sets—increases the profits of IPL and EV owners. In addition, during peak times, the demand for energy... 

Owners of electric vehicles (EVs) can offer the storage capacity of their batteries to the operator of a microgrid as a service called vehicle-to-grid (V2G) to hold the balance between supply and demand of electricity, particularly when the microgrid has intermittent renewable energy sources. Literature review implies that V2G has economic benefits for both microgrid operator and EV owners, but it is unclear how these benefits are divided between them. The challenge grows when the policy makers rely on the V2G revenue as an incentive for expanding the penetration of EVs in the automotive market. This paper models the interaction between microgrid operator and EV owners as a bargaining game... 

Uncoordinated adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) imposes further load on the distribution network, and therefore may result in disruptive impacts on the grid. Transactive coordination of PEVs has been introduced as an effective approach to mitigate these negative consequences. This paper furthers efforts enabling PEVs to participate in a real-time retail electricity market under a transactive energy (TE) paradigm. In this regard, PEV owners will estimate their willingness to pay/accept using a user-friendly strategy and submit the estimated values to the retail market operator. Then using a network-constrained market clearing mechanism, the clearing prices, i.e., dual variables of... 

Battery and plug-in hybrid vehicles equipped with bidirectional battery chargers are capable of supplying power to the electric grid according to power system demand. This technology is called 'vehicle to grid' or V2G. A bidirectional on-board charger can be used to improve the charge availability. An on-board charger should have small size and light weight. On the other hand, the charger must minimize power quality impact, draw current at high power factor to maximize power from an outlet. In this paper, a new three-phase integrated bidirectional isolated soft-switched battery charger is proposed which is appropriate for vehicle to grid technology. The charger utilizes a 4-switch... 

The emergence and implementation of advanced smart grid technologies will enable enhanced utilization of electric vehicles (EVs) as mobile energy storage devices which can provide system-wide services. With significant penetration of EVs in the near future, the concept, introduced in literature as vehicle to grid (V2G), will be practically possible. The V2G concept eases the integration of renewable energy into power system and gives new force to inevitable move toward power generation by clean energy resources. Therefore utilizing energy storage in EVs is undeniable due to economic and environment benefits. The V2G concept has been the field of many researches in different aspects so far.... 

This paper investigates the optimal operation of distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) strategy in the smart grids with high penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and correlated wind power generation. The increased utilization of PEVs in the system with stochastic volatile behavior along with the high penetration of renewable power sources such as wind turbines (WTs) can create new challenges in the system that will affect the DFR strategy greatly. In order to reach the most efficiency from the PEVs, the idea of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is employed in this paper to make a bidirectional power flow (either charging/discharging or idle mode) strategy when providing the main charging... 

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles draw electricity from the electrical grid and store energy in their batteries. To increase charge availability for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, on-board chargers can be used, which should be small in size and lightweight. In this article, an on-board bidirectional soft-switched battery charger is proposed that utilizes a phase-shift-controlled dual-bridge series resonant converter with isolation. The bidirectional characteristic of proposed charger makes it suitable for vehicle-to-grid operation (i.e., injecting power from the vehicle to the grid) in smart grids. A switching control scheme is also proposed to provide soft-switching operation for all... 

This paper investigates three different strategies for centralized charging/discharging management of electric vehicles, their features and the impacts on technical performance of distribution systems. Three goals of load factor maximization, load variance reduction and energy loss minimization are chosen as the main technical factors need to be optimized in the proposed electric vehicles charging/discharging management strategies. In this regard, at first, the mathematical model of these strategies for both cases of with/without vehicleto- grid (V2G) programs are extracted. Then, solving procedure of the attained optimization problems with different optimization methods are explained. These... 

This paper presents a new model for optimal scheduling of renewable-based multi-energy microgrid (MEM) systems incorporated with emerging high-efficient technologies such as electric vehicle (EVs) parking lots, power-to-gas (P2G) facility, and demand response programs. The proposed MEM is equipped with wind energy, multi-carrier energy storage technologies, boiler, combined heat and power unit, P2G, EVs, and demand response with the aim of total operational cost minimization. Meanwhile, the system operator can participate in three electricity, heat, and gas market to meet local demands as well as achieve desired profits through energy exchanges. The proposed MEM is exposed to high-level... 

The CLLC resonant converter is a promising candidate for high efficient, bidirectional power transfer applications such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) on-board charger and hybrid vehicle DC-DC converter. Nevertheless, the analysis of CLLC still remains challenging because of its complex multi-resonant nature and several storage elements. In this paper, a circuit analysis method based on change of variables is presented that maps the state space equations into two decoupled sets of equations. The analyses are carried out in two state-plane coordinate systems, then the results are mapped onto the original region. The proposed method is then used to thoroughly analyze the CLLC resonant converter... 

The CLLC resonant converter is a promising candidate for high efficient, bidirectional power transfer applications, such as vehicle-to-grid on-board charger and hybrid vehicle dc-dc converter. Nevertheless, the analysis of CLLC still remains challenging because of its complex multiresonant nature and several storage elements. In this article, a circuit analysis method based on change of variables is presented that maps the state-space equations into two decoupled sets of equations. The analyses are carried out in two state-plane coordinate systems, then the results are mapped onto the original region. The proposed method is then used to thoroughly analyze the CLLC resonant converter... 

This paper proposes a generalized analytical approach to evaluate the reliability of active distribution networks. The studies are implemented in the context of renewable-based energy hubs. The reliability of energy demands is determined as a function of reliability characteristics of energy hub input resources and converters as well as hub operating strategies. The framework proposed in this paper involves the main attributes of different distributed generation technologies as well as vehicle-to-grid (V2G)-capable vehicles in the reliability studies. Dealing with the uncertainty in energy services provided by the wind turbine output generation and V2G programs, efficient probabilistic...