Sharif Digital Repository

The ground surface settlement caused by underground excavation is an important matter in urban development. The settlement control of large span underground station in Tehran Metro is investigated using a full three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis. A method of underground construction by increasing the rigidity of the supporting system using Central Beam Column (CBC) structure is introduced. In construction of large underground space, effect of presence of CBC structure is compared to a case without CBC structure. The CBC structure increases the rigidity of supports and decrease the stress concentration and displacement in supporting system. It generally decreases the soil... 

Surface settlement is considered as an adverse effect induced by tunneling in the civil projects. This paper proposes the use of the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) for predicting the maximum surface settlement (MMS) resulting from the tunneling. For this work, three forms of equations, i.e., linear, quadratic and power are developed and their weights are then optimized/updated with the ICA. The requirement datasets were collected from the line No. 2 of Karaj urban railway, in Iran. In the ICA models, vertical to horizontal stress ratio, cohesion and Young’s modulus, as the effective parameters on the MSS, are adopted as the inputs. The statistical performance parameters such as root... 

Surface settlement is considered as an adverse effect induced by tunneling in the civil projects. This paper proposes the use of the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) for predicting the maximum surface settlement (MMS) resulting from the tunneling. For this work, three forms of equations, i.e., linear, quadratic and power are developed and their weights are then optimized/updated with the ICA. The requirement datasets were collected from the line No. 2 of Karaj urban railway, in Iran. In the ICA models, vertical to horizontal stress ratio, cohesion and Young’s modulus, as the effective parameters on the MSS, are adopted as the inputs. The statistical performance parameters such as root... 

Preloading is a popular technique in ground improvement works on soft compressible soils. Observational methods such as the Asaoka or hyperbolic methods are widely used in practical applications to assess final settlement and the degree of consolidation during preloading. In this paper it is argued that the major cause of inaccuracy in the final settlement predicted by the Asaoka method, especially in the early stages of preloading (short assessment periods), is neglect of the effects of creep in Asaoka's solution. This may also be the cause of the lack of agreement between observational methods and the piezometer method at higher degrees of consolidation. In this paper a method is proposed... 

Performance-based design (PBD) has become increasingly important in recent years, especially for the design of foundations rested on sub-soils that are susceptible to liquefaction at seismically active areas. Shallow foundations may fail due to excessive settlement because of liquefaction of the underlying loose saturated cohesion-less sands. Building codes usually do not address the issue of liquefaction-induced settlement of shallow foundations. In this paper, a framework is proposed for calculating the liquefaction-induced settlement of shallow foundations resting on heterogeneous two-layered liquefiable soil by conducting a series of 3D. hydro-mechanical dynamic analyses in a fully... 

Geotechnical design codes have been shifted from classical limit equilibrium analysis toward the performance-based procedures. In foundation design, settlement is the most representative parameter for its performance. Settlement of shallow foundations subjected to earthquake loading and its consequences is one of the most outstanding issues which should be considered in designing different structures. In this study, settlement of shallow footing on two-layered subsoil strata under earthquake loading is of concern. The numerical study presented in this research by means of a 3D dynamic fully coupled u-p analysis, addresses the effect of different parameters on shallow foundation settlement... 

In performance-based geotechnical earthquake engineering, the required degree and spatial extent of ground densification for mitigation of liquefaction beneath a structure should be determined based on the acceptable levels of performance of foundation. Currently, there is no solution for evaluation of the amount of settlement and tilt of footings constructed on a densified ground which is surrounded by a liquefiable soil. This implies the need for numerical procedures for simulation of seismic behavior of shallow foundations supported on both liquefiable and densified subsoil. In this paper, the dynamic response of shallow foundations on a densified ground is studied using a 3D fully... 

In this study, the behavior of gavoshan dam was evaluated during construction and the first impounding. A two-dimensional (2D) numerical analysis was conducted based on a finite difference method on the largest cross-section of the dam using the results of instrument measurements and back analysis. These evaluations will be completed in the case that back analysis is carried out in order to control the degree of the accuracy and the level of confidence of the measured behavior since each of the measurements could be controlled by comparing it to the result obtained from the numerical model. Following that, by comparing the results of the numerical analysis with the measured values, it is... 

Tunnels constructed using New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) are always based on certain round (unsupported) advance lengths, after which, the temporary lining is placed. The settlement of the ground surface resulting from such construction is of high significance in design and practice. The existing data in this respect, however, is scarce. It is the aim of this paper to propose a semi-analytical procedure based on three-dimensional finite element analyses to predict the maximum surface settlement of the ground in NATM tunnels under different combinations of tunnel diameter, overburden depth, round length and soil and lining properties. The comparison of the results with three case... 

Occurrence of liquefaction in saturated sand deposits underlying foundation of structure can cause a wide range of structural damages starting from minor settlement, and ending to general failure due to loss of bearing capacity. If the bearing capacity failure is not the problem, reliable estimation of the liquefaction-induced settlement will be of prime importance in assessment of the overall performance of the structure. Currently, there are few procedures with limited application in practice for estimation of settlement of foundations on liquefied ground. Therefore, development of a general relationship is important from the practical viewpoint. In this paper, the dynamic response of... 

A method for construction of large underground spaces based on a new pre-supporting system is introduced. In this paper Mansour Station, in Line 1 of Tabriz Metro (Tabriz Urban Railway Organization, TURO); Iran has been studied using this method. Mansour Station have some special characteristics such as shallow depth, soft surrounding soil, wide span and heavy street traffic, thus requires a method of underground construction that can control the stability of the underground space and the ground settlement. This method includes a pre-supporting system that is called Concrete Arch Pre-supporting System (CAPS). Construction of CAPS is mainly based on construction method of old Iranian small... 

Liquefaction is a phenomenon through which saturated sandy soil loses its shear strength and turns into a liquefied state. One of the most detrimental consequences of liquefaction is the reconsolidation volumetric settlements after the earthquakes, which is due to the dissipation of excess pore pressure caused by earthquakes. Severe floods can follow these settlements in free fields such as grounds close to the sea or rivers. Several researchers studied this phenomenon using data obtained from experiments in the lab or observations in the fields. Previous works were mainly based on a limited number of experimental observations and considered loadings and boundary conditions that were...