Sharif Digital Repository

Inherently safer design is the new approach to maximize the overall safety of a process plant. This approach suggests some risk reduction strategies to be implemented in the early stages of design. There are different well-established strategies for making a process plant inherently safer. The benefits of applying these strategies on reducing the overall risk inside a plant are obvious. However, some of these changes are rejected many times because they appear to be too costly. But if the effects of applying inherently safer design strategies are investigated not only on the processing costs of a plant but also on the potential accident costs, the decision would in fact be different. In this... 

Process plants such as refineries and petrochemical plants are complex facilities consisting of equipment, piping systems, instruments, electrical systems, computers, and control systems. Process units design is mostly based on designer`s experience and design general criteria and standards. Using mathematical methods to optimize the design may have an effective role in cost reduction and it would give the designer some general view in case that the exact design is not applicable.
Optimization of Process units is described in this study. This optimization includes the exact location of each equipment, nozzle, pipe rack and also pipe route layouts. Mixed integer linear programming (MILP)... 

The environmental impact of process plants is one of the causes of the environmental disturbance in the world. Including the effects of these destructive impacts can be mentioned to the phenomena such as global warming, climate change, severe air pollution and water shortage. Hence, the economic justification of a process, without the review of relevance of its environmental impacts, it does not lead to the implementation and construction of a process plant. For this reason, it is a requirement to provide a software platform (preferably object-oriented) for quick and automatic checking of this item and the exact determining of these effects. On the other hand, due to the complexity of the... 

Plant layout and siting are the earliest steps in any process design that may have significant effects on the further required level of safety and costs. Extensive carried out studies have been published in literatures in which, the safety factor has been taken into account in the form of prediction the severity of likely accidents. Majority of these studies are based on the accident consequence and other important parameters such as the accident frequency and the density of vulnerable items have been ignored. This recent negligence may lead to over conservative designs. To eliminate this recent deficiency, quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is the best procedure than can be suggested.... 

Given the environmental benefits of natural gas (NG) in comparison to other fossil fuels and its potential contribution to the shift towards renewable energy, there is an anticipated rise in the demand for NG as an energy source in the coming years. This surge in demand has sparked a growing interest in the exploration and development of unconventional gas fields with low hydrocarbon content, which were previously considered economically unviable. Among these fields, those rich in nitrogen have garnered significant attention. However, the presence of high nitrogen content in NG poses notable challenges, including a decrease in calorific value and increased costs associated with...