Sharif Digital Repository

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common type of pulmonary fibrosis that causes ulcers inside the lungs. In addition to Nintedanib, Pirfenidone is currently the only compound approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2014 for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Meanwhile, in the pharmaceutical industry, drug synthesis is usually done through batch-wise processes, and pirfenidone is currently only produced through batch-wise processes. Hence, this study aims to change the synthesis method of this drug, which is traditionally performed through batch-wise processes, to a continuous flow process. Therefore, a micro-reactor technology can be adopted which offers a... 

In recent years, batch systems were often used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Nowadays, due to the possibility of more optimal conditions in flow systems, such as better mixing and optimal performance of heat transfer and mass transfer, process safety, reduction of retention time, and ease in increasing the scale of the process, the use of flow systems has been expanded. B-hydroxysulfone is a pharmaceutical intermediate in the production of bicalutamide, which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer and is used in many organic and biological processes. The reaction time in batch systems is about 17 to 20 hours, and in the flow system, the retention time has reached about 180-90... 

In the past decades, the production of various active pharmaceutical ingredients in batch processes was common. But today, the approach of pharmaceutical companies has changed and the use of the equipment and continuous processes such as microreactors has become common for reasons of safety, better mass and heat transfer, reduction of operators, and ease of scale-up. Unlike many top-selling drugs such as Ibuprofen and Artemisinin, Clopidogrel, the world's third best-selling drug needed by cardiac patients, has been manufactured only in batch processes. Due to the increase in the average age of the population, the urgent need for the use of Plavix (clopidogrel) has increased in recent years.... 

Manufacturing in many industries, such as electronics, petrochemical, automotive, and food, has long relied on continuous approaches, while the pharmaceutical industry has traditionally been processed in batch reactors. Since the beginning of the third millennium, continuous drug synthesis has received attention due to its multiple advantages over batch systems, which include process safety, adaptability, controllability, economic efficiency, scale-up, and enhancing performance. In this project, the pharmaceutical intermediate 1,4-benzodiazepine, which is usable as a precursor of diazepam and flurazepam, is continuously synthesized in a 400 microliters integrated micromixer and microreactor...