Sharif Digital Repository

A new approach for optimal reserve determination and cost allocation in the pool-based and disaggregated market model using a well-being framework is presented in this paper. In the proposed method, customers have the chance to specify the risk level which they are willing to accept. Firstly, the energy market is cleared, and afterwards the reserve market is cleared such that the required risk levels of different customers are satisfied. Then, according to the required risk levels and the provided reserve, the cost of reserve is allocated between the different customers with different reliability requirements. For fairly managing the shortage between different customers in the real time... 

This chapter proposes a methodology for optimal dispatch of bilateral electricity contracts, which may endanger the system voltage stability in light of short-term operational planning of a deregulated power system. In this framework the value that each owner of a transaction is willing to pay reflects how much the electricity contract is important to be implemented physically. The proposed model dispatches optimally the bilateral transactions regarding the prices offered by owners of bilateral contracts for reactive power and transmission capacity utilization in one hand and, the total operational costs of reactive power resources in the other hand. The model also includes the limits... 

In this paper we discuss an improved method for the calculation of Available Transfer Capability (ATC) in a restructured power system. The ATC calculation is performed through an optimal power flow approach. The objective function is to maximize the sum of the receiving-end load in a specified area as well as to send generation to other control areas while a minimum cost of generation is continuously achieved. The constraints are ac power flow equations and system operation limits. It is assumed that the generation cost curve of each generator is available. A genetic algorithm is used for the optimization process. An IEEE 30 bus test system is used for testing the proposed algorithm and the... 

In a deregulated electric power system in which a competitive electricity market can influence system reliability, system analysts are rapidly recognizing that they cannot ignore market risks. This paper first proposes an analytical probabilistic model for the reliable evaluation of competitive electricity markets and then develops a methodology for incorporating the market reliability problem into composite power system reliability studies. The market reliability is evaluated using the Markov state space diagram. Since the market is a continuously operated system, the concept of absorbing states is applied to it in order to evaluate reliability. The market states are identified using market... 

This paper investigates various approaches to relieve the transient stability constraint in restructured power systems. The approaches adopted fall into two broad categories: those based on eliminating the constraint in the least-cost way and those based on eliminating with the least possible rescheduling. The latter group can, on the other hand, emerge in the form of a pool-protected policy in which the bilateral contracts are rescheduled to maintain the stability or in the form of a contract-protected policy in which the realizable bilateral contracts are maximized while minimizing the rescheduling in pool market. Transient energy function (TEF) method is used as a tool to calculate the... 

Accurate monthly electricity consumption forecasting (ECF) can help retailers enhance the profitability in deregulated electricity markets. Most current methods use monthly load data to perform monthly ECF, which usually produces large errors due to insufficient training samples. A few methods try to use fine-grained smart-meter data (e.g., hourly data) to increase training samples. However, such methods still exhibit low accuracy due to the increase in forecasting steps. © 1975-2012 IEEE  

This Paper presents a model for optimal locating and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) for congestion management in deregulated electricity market. For reducing the solution space a priority list of candidate buses is formed and then optimal placement and sizing of DG in potential buses is discussed. In order to incorporate stochastic nature of power system in this study, Monte-Carlo method is used to simulate the effect of uncertainty of loads and system on the optimal location and size of the DGs in the network. The proposed method is applied to IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS). The impacts of load uncertainty on optimum DG size and location are studied  

In the United States electricity market standard, when several transmission service requests (TSRs) are made for a specific pair of power injection/extraction points, the independent system operator (ISO) must allocate the available transmission capability (ATC) associated with the pair to the requests. An ATC allocation must determine the amount of accepted requests as well as the priority of the accepted requests during emergencies. The requests could have different types (recallable/non-recallable), tariffs, and time frames and these factors must be properly considered in ATC allocation. This paper proposes a method for optimal ATC allocation in the planning horizon which incorporates the... 

This paper proposes a methodology for optimal dispatch of bilateral electricity contracts, which may endanger the system voltage stability in light of short-term operational planning of a deregulated power system. In this framework the value that each owner of a transaction is willing to pay will reflect how much the electricity contract is important to be implemented physically. The proposed model dispatches optimally the bilateral transactions regarding the prices offered by owners of bilateral contracts for reactive power and transmission capacity utilization in one hand and, the total operational costs of reactive power resources in the other hand. The model also includes the limits... 

In a deregulated electric power utility industry in which a competitive electricity market can influence system reliability, market risks cannot be ignored. This paper (1) proposes an analytical probabilistic model for reliability evaluation of competitive electricity markets and (2) develops a methodology for incorporating the market reliability problem into HLII reliability studies. A Markov state space diagram is employed to evaluate the market reliability. Since the market is a continuously operated system, the concept of absorbing states is applied to it in order to evaluate the reliability. The market states are identified by using market performance indices and the transition rates... 

In this study, the prospects of energy efficiency potential, clean development mechanism (CDM) and carbon income up to and beyond 2012 are investigated in the petrochemical industries of Iran as a major oil-producing country. This paper is to address four questions of: (1) the GHGs emission in Iranian petrochemical complexes, (2) the most energy-consuming processes, (3) units with the highest energy efficiency potentials and (4) potentials of CDM or similar carbon projects based on post-2012 scenarios. The petrochemical processes are investigated in two categories of non-polymeric and polymeric productions. Based on capital expenditure, economic saving, simple payback period, CO2 equivalent... 

Distribution systems management is becoming an increasingly complicated issue due to the introduction of new technologies, new energy trading strategies and new deregulated environment. In the new deregulated energy market and considering the incentives coming from the technical and economical fields, it is reasonable to consider distributed generation (DG) as a viable option to solve the lacking electric power supply problem. This paper presents a mathematical distribution system planning model considering three planning options to system expansion and to meet the load growth requirements with a reasonable price as well as the system power quality problems. DG is introduced as an attractive... 

Distribution systems management is becoming an increasingly complicated issue due to the introduction of new technologies, new energy trading strategies and new deregulated environment. In the new deregulated energy market and considering the incentives coming from the technical and economical fields, it is reasonable to consider Distributed Generation (DG) as a viable option to solve the lacking electric power supply problem. This paper presents a mathematical distribution system planning model considering three planning options to system expansion and to meet the load growth requirements with a reasonable price as well as the system power quality problems. DG is introduced as an attractive... 

Deregulation in power systems creates new uncertainties and escalates the previous ones. The presence of these uncertainties causes the transmission network to remain a monopoly and the private investors not to be interested in investing in new transmission lines. This article presents a new merchant-based transmission network expansion planning algorithm from the viewpoint of private investors. The point estimation method is used to handle the uncertainties, and the genetic algorithm is used as the optimization tool. The proposed method provides insights for private investors to deal with the uncertainties and to find appropriate transmission projects in which to invest. Copyright  

Reliability is one of the main factors influencing customer loyalty in a competitive power industry. The system operator must ensure that there is sufficient spinning reserve to maintain system security. Contractually such commodity requires a willing buyer and a willing seller. A novel pool-based market clearing algorithm for spinning reserve procurement and the cost allocation associated with provision of spinning reserve among DisCos is developed in this paper. Rational buyer model is used for energy and reserve market model. In the proposed algorithm, generating units bid simultaneously to energy and spinning reserve markets and these markets are sequentially cleared. In such a market,... 

The objective of economic dispatch (ED) problem is minimizing the operating cost and finding the point where the total output of the generations equals the total power that must be delivered. In that point the incremental cost of power generation is also equal for all generators. Considering the presence of uncertainty and inaccuracy in the data, fuzzy set theory is an appropriate method to solve the economic dispatch problems. In this paper, a modified fuzzy economic dispatch is formulated to solve the problem under the competitive electricity market uncertainties. Also, available spinning reserve is optimally allocated to market participants. The formulated optimization problem it then... 

In the restructured power systems, generating companies (Genco) are responsible for selling their product in the energy market. In this condition, the question is how much and for what price must each Genco generate to maximize its profit. Therefore, this paper intends to propose a rational method to answer this question. In the proposed methodology, the hourly forecasted market clearing price (FMCP) is used as a reference to model the possible and probable price strategies of Gencos. The forecasted price is the basis of the bidding strategies of each Genco, which can be achieved by solving a bi-level optimization problem using GAMS (general algebraic modeling system) language. The first... 

This paper describes a procedure that uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) combined with the simulated annealing (SA) to analyze the bidding strategy of Generating Companies (Gencos) in an electricity market where they have incomplete information about their opponents. In the proposed methodology, Gencos prepare their strategic bids according to the Supply Function Equilibrium (SFE) model and they change their bidding strategies until Nash equilibrium points are obtained. Nash equilibrium points constitute a central solution concept in the game theory and are computed with solving a global optimization problem. In this paper a new computational intelligence technique is introduced that can... 

The participants in auction-based electricity markets need to take part in a competition way which operates based on the concept of supply and demand theory to buy or sell the electricity. However, to have a feasible market solution, reactive power services are necessary to support the transmission of power from generation to end-users. This paper presents a methodology for optimal reactive power procurement, consistent with the auction-based electricity market mechanism. The proposed reactive power market is run in subsequence of the primary electricity market, allowing active power modification in light of available transmission capacity and reactive power resources. The IEEE 30-bus test...