Sharif Digital Repository

The goal of the present study is to predict the formation of solidification induced defects in castings by thermal criteria functions. In a criterion function method, the heat transfer equation is firstly solved, and then the susceptibility of defect formation at every point in the casting is predicted by computing a local function, criterion function, using results of the thermal analysis. In the first part of the paper, some famous criteria functions, in particular, the Pellini and Niyama criteria, are analyzed and their shortcomings are discussed in details. Then, a new criterion function is suggested to decrease the shape-dependency issue of the former criteria. The feasibility of the... 

B The combined influence of both melt filtration and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 cast alloy was studied. A step casting model with five different thicknesses was used to obtain different cooling rates. The effect of melt filtration was studied by using 10 and 20 pores per inch (PPI) ceramic foam filters in the runner. Results showed that secondary dendrite arm spacing decreased from 80 μm to 34 μm with increasing cooling rate. Use of ceramic foam filters in the runner led to the reduction of melt velocity and surface turbulence, which prevented the incorporation of oxide films and air in the melt and consequently had an overall beneficial effect on... 

The local buckling behavior of perfect/defective and single/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under axial compressive forces has been investigated by the molecular dynamics approach. Effects of different types of defects including vacancy and Stone-Wales (SW) defects and their configurations on CNTs with different chiralities at room temperature are studied. Results show that defects largely reduce the buckling stress and the ratio of immediate reduction in buckling compressive stress of the defective CNT to the perfect one, but have little influence on their compressive elastic modulus. SW defects usually reduce the mechanical properties more than vacancy defects, and zigzag CNTs are... 

In this paper the band structure of spin polarized zigzag graphene nanoribbons(ZGNRs) and armchair graphene nanoribons(AGNRs) with Stone-Wales defect are investigated. The results show when the spin effect is considered, the band structures of ZGNRs and AGNRs will be changed and modified. A larger gap will be created and the degenerate bands in ZGNRs will become far from each other. Tight-binding and hubard model were used to simulate the band structures  

We report a first principles study on the electronic and transport properties of bilayer armchair graphene nanoribbons (BLAGNRs) containing Stone-Wales (SW) defect. It is shown that in the presence of SW defect in BLAGNRs, some electron localization occurs in defect atoms and degradation of transmission is observed in specific energy regions. The strength of electron localization is dependent on the symmetry of SW defect. In case of symmetric SW defect, stronger electron localization leads to sharper dip in its transmission spectrum in comparison with the broad dip in the transmission spectrum of the BLAGNR containing asymmetric SW defect. The effect of electron localization is also evident... 

Certain physical and mechanical phenomena within ultra-thin face-centered cubic (fcc) films containing common types of interacting point defects are addressed. An atomic-scale lattice statics in conjunction with many-body interatomic potentials suitable for binary systems is conducted to analyze the effects of the depth on the: (1) formation energy and layer-by-layer displacements due to the presence of vacancy-octahedral self-interstitial atom (OSIA) ensemble, and (2) elastic fields as well as the free surface shape in the case of vacancy-dopant interaction. Moreover, the effects of the inter-defect spacing for various depths are also examined. To ensure reasonable accuracy and numerical... 

This paper looks at the question of what second language learners know about syntax but could not have "learned." It is hypothesized that if we show second-language learners know a particular aspect of the second language (L2) syntax which could not have been learned via formal explanation, and that aspect did not exist in their first language (L1) syntax, we can argue that there is something internal (in their minds/brains) that is responsible for such knowledge - the language organ. The study is intended to offer evidence for biolinguistics from the field of Second Language Acquisition  

Graphene oxide membranes were prepared by vacuum and pressurized ultrafiltration methods on the 12% modified Polyacrylonitrile (12mPAN) substrate to specify challenges, salient features, future directions, and potential of GO membrane for separation fields using characterization techniques and gas separation test (studied gases are CO2, He and N2), which is an efficient tool for better understanding of GO membrane behavior. GO membrane structure was examined over a wide range of parameters, such as pore size range of substrate and its surface properties, pH of GO dispersion, GO content, synthesis pressure, operating pressure and temperature. The results show that the GO content does not hold... 

This paper presents a fault injection tool, called SINJECT that supports several synthesizable and non-synthesizable fault models for dependability analysis of digital systems modeled by popular HDLs. The tool provides injection of transient and permanent faults into the Verilog as well as VHDL models of a digital circuit to study the fault behavior, fault propagation and fault coverage. Moreover, using specific simulators, the SINJECT provides a mixed-mode fault injection, i.e., fault injection into both Verilog and VHDL parts of a model, to achieve high description reality by Verilog and high capability modeling by VHDL. To demonstrate the tool, two case studies are evaluated: 1) an... 

In this paper a new approach to determine the size of defects in rolling element bearings is proposed. This approach is based on the statistical characteristics of the vibration signals generated by rolling element bearings. Although some traditional statistical parameters such as r.m.s. and kurtosis have some diagnostic capabilities, these parameters are not suitable for quantifying the defect size. The proposed new model was validated experimentally for both inner and outer race defects and it is concluded that the newly proposed model can determine the defect length of rolling bearings  

In this paper, we develop a theory to study the nano defects of various geometries within thin films. The considered thin films have face centered cubic (fee) structure. The eigenstrain method is combined with the long-range Sutton-Chen (SC) inter-atomic potential function which is appropriate for fee crystals. The disturbance caused by a defect in a thin film is determined from the equilibrium equation using the discrete Fourier transformation. The disturbed field is also determined using three dimensional (3D) Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation in which the constant NVT ensemble is applied to the atomic system. For illustration, the problem of nano disk shape defect in thin film is studied... 

In the present work, the interaction of hydrogen molecules with defective graphene structures doped by transition metal (TM) atoms is investigated by using first principles density functional theory (DFT). Defective graphene structures include Stone-Wales (SW), 585 and 555-777 and transition metals include early TMs, i.e. scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V). It is found that in comparison with the pristine graphene, presence of defects significantly enhances the metal binding. Among three defects, 585 divacancy leads to the strongest binding between graphene and metal. Hydrogen adsorption is then evaluated by sequential addition of hydrogen molecules to the system. The results... 

In this paper, an atomistic–continuum homogenization multiscale method is developed to study the nonlinear behavior of heterogeneous nanomaterials. The atomistic representative volume element (RVE) with vacancy and/or void defects are analyzed by employing the fully atomistic method, in which the nucleation, migration, and elimination of dislocation, as well as the dislocation-vacancy interaction, are captured. The coarse-scale material domain is modeled within the framework of the nonlinear finite element method, and the impression of nanoscale material defects is investigated by upscaling the stress tensor and tangent modulus from the atomistic RVE based on the Hill-Mandel principle. The... 

Copper anode (∼98%) is widely used to produce the cathode (99.995 wt%) in electrorefining process. These anodes sometimes become problematic from the production line due to the presence of bumps/holes on their surface. To find the reason of this defect, chemical composition of the three casted anodes was determined by the quantmeter analysis. Also, the microscopic and phase analysis were done by FESEM, EDS, XRD, and XRF for three types of anodes bump. The chemical analysis of anodes confirmed a high level of sulfur and oxygen, which have a key role in the formation of bumps. The results confirmed the presence of impurities including Cu2S, BaSO4, CaCO3 and MgCO3, which cause the formation of... 

Carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene sheets have attracted great attention due to their exceptionally high strength and elastic strain. These extraordinary mechanical properties, however, can be affected by the presence of defects in their structures. When a material contains multiple defects, it is expected that the stress concentration of them superposes if the separation distances of the defects are low, which causes a more reduction of the strength. On the other hand, it is believed that if the defects are far enough such that their affected areas are distinct, their behavior is similar to a material with single defect. In this article, molecular dynamics... 

Friction stir processing (FSP) of high softening-temperature materials such as nickel-based superalloys is considered to be difficult. Laser heating of a localised area ahead of the FSP tool was used to provide sufficient plasticity during the FSP of IN738LC nickel-based superalloy. The stir zone (SZ) microstructure of the friction stir processed and laser-assisted friction stir processed were characterised. Laser-assisted friction stir processing (LAFSP) produced a defect-free pass, but FSP resulted in generation of a discontinuity in the SZ. Both lower volume fraction of partially dissolved γ′ precipitates and coarser grain structure of SZ in LAFSP led to more ductility of the SZ material... 

Abstract: The electronic structure and excitonic optical properties of pristine and defected silicene are investigated within many-body Green’s function and Bethe–Salpeter equation formalism. We show that compared with pristine one, defects can significantly alter band structure and form much better metallic characteristics. Also, it is shown that low defects in pristine silicene can considerably alter optical absorption peaks and change these peaks to the lower energies. Such effect is illustrated for 5 % defects in the pristine silicene and two main peaks in the optical spectrum are shown, one in low energies and another wider one in the higher energies. These peaks can be used as a tool... 

This paper deals with the issue of economic batch quantity (EBQ) in a single machine system in which defective items are produced in each cycle of production. The accumulated defective items produced in a period, consisting of several equal cycles, are all reworked in the last cycle of this period called the rework cycle. At the end of each period the whole process will start all over again. We assume that there is a limitation on the total defective items. We also do not adopt the restriction that the rework process rate be equal to the normal production rate. In addition we assume that there is a set up time for rework process. Further we assume that the number of rework cycles be as small... 

Using polynomial expansion of electromagnetic fields has been already reported for extraction of E polarized defect modes in two-dimensional photonic crystals. This approach is now applied to straight single-line defect optical waveguides, where H polarized defect modes are analytically extracted for the first time. Electromagnetic fields are expanded in accordance with the Floquet theorem, where each Floquet order is itself expanded in terms of Hermite polynomials and finally a new set of linear ordinary differential equations with non-constant coefficients is obtained. This set of equations is handled by employing differential transfer matrix method. In this fashion, algebraic and easy to... 

Analytical analysis of straight single-line defect optical waveguides in two dimensional photonic crystals based on expanding electromagnetic fields in terms of Hermite polynomials is reported. This novel electromagnetic field expression is substituted in Helmholtz equation, a new set of linear ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients are obtained, and by employing differential transfer matrix method; defect modes, i.e. the guided modes propagating in the line defect waveguide, are analytically derived. The validity of the results obtained by applying the proposed approach are confirmed by comparing them to those derived by using finite difference time domain method